Abstract
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p> The article contains sections titled: <jats:table-wrap position="anchor"> <jats:table frame="void"> <jats:col/> <jats:col/> <jats:tbody> <jats:tr> <jats:td>1</jats:td> <jats:td>Introduction</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>2</jats:td> <jats:td>Properties</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>2.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Physical Properties</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>2.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Chemical Properties</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3</jats:td> <jats:td>Development of the Sulfuric Acid Industry</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Early Development</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Further Development of the Nitrogen Oxide Process</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Ascendency of the Contact Process</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.3.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Double‐Absorption</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.3.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Environment and Energy</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Raw Material Usage</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4</jats:td> <jats:td>Production</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Production by Contact Processes</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Reaction Mechanism and Thermodynamics</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.1.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Influences on the Conversion Equilibrium</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.1.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Influences on Reaction Rate</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Catalysts</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.2.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Operating Temperature Range</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.2.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Service Life</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.2.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Metal Recovery</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.2.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Landfill</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.2.5</jats:td> <jats:td>Reuse</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Process Summary</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.3.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Gas Drying</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.3.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Catalytic Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.3.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Gas–Gas Heat Exchangers</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.3.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Absorption of Sulfur Trioxide</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.3.5</jats:td> <jats:td>Gas Filters</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.3.6</jats:td> <jats:td>Acid Cooling</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.3.7</jats:td> <jats:td>Gas/Air Compressors</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.3.8</jats:td> <jats:td>Acid Pumps</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.3.9</jats:td> <jats:td>Stack</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Practical Versions of the Contact Process</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.4.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Double‐Absorption Process Based on Sulfur Combustion</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.4.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Double‐Absorption Processes Based on Metallurgical Gases</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.4.3</jats:td> <jats:td> Processing High‐SO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> Off‐Gas: The Lurec™ Process </jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.4.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Ordinary Single‐Absorption Processes</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.4.5</jats:td> <jats:td>Wet‐Catalysis Processes</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.5</jats:td> <jats:td>Operational Issues: Gas Leaks and Hydrogen Events in Acid Plants</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.6</jats:td> <jats:td>Tail‐Gas Treatment</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.6.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Ammonia Scrubbing</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.6.2</jats:td> <jats:td> W <jats:sc>ellman</jats:sc> –L <jats:sc>ord</jats:sc> Process </jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.6.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Sulfacid Process™</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.6.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Peracidox™ Process</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.6.5</jats:td> <jats:td>Stack Gas</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.7</jats:td> <jats:td> NO <jats:sub> <jats:italic>x</jats:italic> </jats:sub> Removal </jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.8</jats:td> <jats:td>Acid Decolorization</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.9</jats:td> <jats:td>Economic Factors</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.9.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Economies of Scale</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.9.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Economics of Voluntary Production (S‐Based Plants)</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.9.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Economics of Involuntary Production: Metallurgical Gas Processing</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.1.9.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Acid Quality</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Production by Nitrogen Oxide Processes</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.2.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Chemistry</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.2.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Application as a Pollution‐Control Process</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.2.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Ciba–Geigy Process</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Regeneration of Spent Sulfuric Acid</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.3.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Introduction</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.3.2</jats:td> <jats:td> Reconcentration to 70–75% H <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> SO <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> </jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.3.2.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Vacuum Evaporation</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.3.2.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Forced‐Circulation Evaporator</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.3.2.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Multiple‐Effect Evaporators</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.3.2.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Vacuum and Condensation Systems</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.3.2.5</jats:td> <jats:td>Materials of Construction</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.3.2.6</jats:td> <jats:td>Complete Plant</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.3.2.7</jats:td> <jats:td>Venturi Reconcentration Process</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.3.2.8</jats:td> <jats:td>Submerged‐Combustion Process</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.3.3</jats:td> <jats:td> Concentration to 93–98% H <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> SO <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> </jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.3.3.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Chemico Direct‐Fired Drum Concentrator</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.3.3.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Concentration Processes Involving Indirect Heating</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Production of Oleum</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4.5</jats:td> <jats:td>Production of Ultra‐Pure Sulfuric Acid (UPS)</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5</jats:td> <jats:td>Materials of Construction</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Metallic Materials</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5.1.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Mild Steel</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5.1.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Austenitic Stainless Steel</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5.1.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Acid‐Proof Cast Iron</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5.1.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Silicon Iron</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Nonmetallic Materials</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5.2.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Plastics</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5.2.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Graphite</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5.2.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Glass</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5.2.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Enamel</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>6</jats:td> <jats:td>Uses of Sulfuric Acid and Economic Aspects</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>6.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Indirect Uses</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>6.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Direct Uses</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>6.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Economic Aspects</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>7</jats:td> <jats:td>Analytical Techniques</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>7.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Concentration Measurement</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>7.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Measurement of Impurities</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>7.2.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Iron</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>7.2.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Arsenic</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>7.2.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Sulfur Dioxide</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>7.2.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Nitrogen Oxides and Nitric Acid</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>7.2.5</jats:td> <jats:td>Chlorides and Fluorides</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>7.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Analysis of Acid Plant Gas Streams</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>8</jats:td> <jats:td>Sulfur Trioxide</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>8.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Properties</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>8.1.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Physical Properties</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>8.1.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Chemical Properties</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>8.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Manufacture</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>8.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Handling and Uses</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>9</jats:td> <jats:td>Toxicology</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>9.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Sulfuric Acid</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>9.1.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Environmental Effects</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>9.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Sulfur Trioxide</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td/> <jats:td>References</jats:td> </jats:tr> </jats:tbody> </jats:table> </jats:table-wrap> 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