/* ==============================================================================
   POORVAM FOUNDATION — SCHOLARLY DESIGN SYSTEM (SPRINGER / CAMBRIDGE CORE)
   Colour Palette: Scholarly Maroon, Ivory & Ink
   Typography: Source Serif 4, Noto Sans, IBM Plex Mono
   ============================================================================== */

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@400;500&family=Noto+Sans:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;1,400&family=Noto+Sans+Bengali:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Noto+Serif+Bengali:wght@400;700&family=Source+Serif+4:ital,opsz,wght@0,8..60,400..800;1,8..60,400..800&display=swap');
@import url('https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/remixicon@4.2.0/fonts/remixicon.css');

/* ==============================================================================
   DESIGN TOKENS — LIGHT MODE
   ============================================================================== */
:root {
    /* Scholarly Colour System */
    --ink: #1A1A1A;
    --paper: #FFFFFF;
    --paper-muted: #F7F6F3;
    --accent: #7A2E27;
    --accent-ink: #5C231E;
    --accent-hover: #5C231E;
    --rule: #E3E1DC;
    --muted: #5C5C5C;
    --oa-green: #1B7A4C;

    /* Ideas Platform Distinguished Theme (Deep Indigo / Atlantic Slate) */
    --ideas-accent: #1D3B5E;
    --ideas-accent-ink: #142840;
    --ideas-accent-hover: #142840;
    --ideas-accent-light: #2D588B;
    --ideas-50: #EDF3F8;
    --ideas-100: #D8E5F0;
    --ideas-paper-warm: #FAF8F5;

    /* Semantic aliases (backward compat) */
    --primary: var(--accent);
    --primary-dark: var(--accent-ink);
    --primary-light: #964A44;
    --primary-50: #F5EDEC;
    --primary-100: #E8D4D2;
    --success: var(--oa-green);
    --warning: #B45309;
    --danger: #A12830;
    --info: var(--ink);

    /* Surfaces */
    --bg-page: var(--paper-muted);
    --bg-surface: var(--paper);
    --bg-card: var(--paper);
    --bg-subtle: var(--paper-muted);
    --bg-elevated: var(--paper);
    --text-main: var(--ink);
    --text-muted: var(--muted);
    --text-subtle: #787872;
    --border-color: var(--rule);
    --border-subtle: #EDECEA;
    --secondary: var(--ink);
    --secondary-dark: #000000;
    --secondary-50: var(--paper-muted);
    --accent-blue: var(--accent);
    --accent-blue-hover: var(--accent-ink);

    /* Typography */
    --font-heading: 'Source Serif 4', 'Noto Serif', 'Charter', Georgia, 'Noto Serif Bengali', serif;
    --font-body: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Noto Sans Bengali', 'Noto Sans Devanagari', sans-serif;
    --font-sans: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
    --font-mono: 'IBM Plex Mono', 'Menlo', 'Consolas', monospace;

    /* Radii & Shadows — scholarly restraint */
    --radius-sm: 2px;
    --radius-md: 3px;
    --radius-lg: 4px;
    --radius-full: 9999px;
    --shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.05);
    --shadow-md: 0 2px 6px rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.08);
    --shadow-lg: 0 8px 24px rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.12);

    --transition: all 0.18s ease-in-out;
}

/* ==============================================================================
   DISPLAY & LAYOUT UTILITIES
   ============================================================================== */
.d-none { display: none !important; }
.d-block { display: block !important; }
.d-inline { display: inline !important; }
.d-inline-block { display: inline-block !important; }
.d-flex { display: flex !important; }
.d-inline-flex { display: inline-flex !important; }
.d-grid { display: grid !important; }

@media (min-width: 576px) {
    .d-sm-none { display: none !important; }
    .d-sm-block { display: block !important; }
    .d-sm-inline { display: inline !important; }
    .d-sm-flex { display: flex !important; }
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .d-md-none { display: none !important; }
    .d-md-block { display: block !important; }
    .d-md-inline { display: inline !important; }
    .d-md-flex { display: flex !important; }
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
    .d-lg-none { display: none !important; }
    .d-lg-block { display: block !important; }
    .d-lg-flex { display: flex !important; }
}
[data-theme="dark"] {
    --ink: #EDEBE6;
    --paper: #14130F;
    --paper-muted: #1B1A16;
    --accent: #C9564A;
    --accent-ink: #E07A6F;
    --accent-hover: #E07A6F;
    --rule: #2E2C27;
    --muted: #9C9A93;
    --oa-green: #3CB371;

    /* Ideas Platform Dark Theme */
    --ideas-accent: #5B8EB9;
    --ideas-accent-ink: #7CA8CD;
    --ideas-accent-hover: #7CA8CD;
    --ideas-accent-light: #7CA8CD;
    --ideas-50: #162433;
    --ideas-100: #1F364D;
    --ideas-paper-warm: #181B1F;

    --primary: var(--accent);
    --primary-dark: var(--accent-ink);
    --primary-50: #2A1F1E;
    --primary-100: #3D2925;
    --primary-light: #E07A6F;
    --secondary: #EDEBE6;
    --secondary-50: #1B1A16;
    --accent-blue: var(--accent);

    --bg-page: var(--paper-muted);
    --bg-surface: var(--paper);
    --bg-card: #1F1E1A;
    --bg-subtle: #22211C;
    --bg-elevated: #28261F;
    --text-main: var(--ink);
    --text-muted: var(--muted);
    --text-subtle: #7A7870;
    --border-color: var(--rule);
    --border-subtle: #252420;
}

/* ==============================================================================
   BASE RESET & CORE STYLES
   ============================================================================== */
*, *::before, *::after {
    box-sizing: border-box;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

html {
    font-size: 17px;
    scroll-behavior: smooth;
    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
    -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
}

body {
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    color: var(--text-main);
    background: var(--bg-page);
    line-height: 1.65;
    min-height: 100vh;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
}

/* Typography Hierarchy */
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
.font-serif {
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    color: var(--text-main);
    font-weight: 700;
    line-height: 1.3;
    letter-spacing: 0;
}

.font-sans { font-family: var(--font-sans); }
.font-mono { font-family: var(--font-mono); }

p {
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    color: var(--text-main);
}

a {
    color: var(--accent);
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: var(--transition);
}

a:hover {
    color: var(--accent-ink);
    text-decoration: underline;
}

/* ==============================================================================
   FULL-WIDTH WIDESCREEN CONTAINER & LAYOUT (Expansive Digital Publishing Standard)
   ============================================================================== */
.container {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 1520px;
    margin-left: auto;
    margin-right: auto;
    padding-left: clamp(1.25rem, 3vw, 3rem);
    padding-right: clamp(1.25rem, 3vw, 3rem);
}

/* ==============================================================================
   FULL-BLEED CANVAS & WIDESCREEN WRAPPERS (PIJCACE, Anupurvi & Poorvam Platform)
   ============================================================================== */
body.journal-fluid-layout .container,
.journal-fluid-layout .container,
body.journal-fluid-layout .top-bar .container,
body.journal-fluid-layout .site-header .container,
body.journal-fluid-layout .subnav-bar .container,
body.journal-fluid-layout .site-footer .container,
.top-bar .container,
.site-header .container,
.subnav-bar .container,
.site-footer .container {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 1520px !important;
    margin-left: auto;
    margin-right: auto;
    padding-left: clamp(1.25rem, 3vw, 3rem);
    padding-right: clamp(1.25rem, 3vw, 3rem);
}

.site-header,
body.journal-fluid-layout .site-header {
    width: 100%;
}

.subnav-bar,
body.journal-fluid-layout .subnav-bar {
    width: 100%;
}

@media (max-width: 992px) {
    .journal-main-grid,
    .journal-archive-grid,
    .journal-issue-grid,
    .journal-guidelines-grid,
    .journal-filters-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
        gap: 2rem !important;
    }
}

.site-main {
    flex: 1;
}

/* ==============================================================================
   TOP UTILITY BAR
   ============================================================================== */
.top-bar {
    background: #111111;
    color: #E8E5DF;
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    border-bottom: 2px solid var(--accent);
    padding: 0.35rem 0;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .top-bar {
    background: #0C0B08;
}

.top-bar-inner {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
}

.top-bar-left {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
    font-weight: 500;
}

.top-bar-announcement {
    transition: var(--transition);
}

.top-bar-announcement:hover {
    color: #FFFFFF !important;
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.top-bar-announcement:hover i {
    transform: translateX(3px);
    transition: transform 0.15s ease;
}

.top-bar-links {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 16px;
}

.top-bar-links a {
    color: #E8E5DF;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.top-bar-links a:hover {
    color: #FFFFFF;
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.theme-toggle-btn {
    background: transparent;
    border: none;
    color: #E8E5DF;
    cursor: pointer;
    font-size: 1rem;
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    padding: 2px;
}

.theme-toggle-btn:hover {
    color: #FFFFFF;
}

/* ==============================================================================
   SITE HEADER & NAVBAR
   ============================================================================== */
.site-header {
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    position: -webkit-sticky !important;
    position: sticky !important;
    top: 0 !important;
    z-index: 1020 !important;
    -webkit-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);
    transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);
}

.navbar {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    height: 64px;
    position: relative;
}

.brand-logo {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 10px;
    margin-right: clamp(0.75rem, 1.5vw, 1.5rem);
    text-decoration: none;
    flex-shrink: 0;
    line-height: 1;
}

.brand-img {
    height: 38px;
    width: auto;
    display: block;
}

.brand-name {
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    font-size: 1.45rem;
    font-weight: 750;
    line-height: 1;
    letter-spacing: -0.015em;
    color: var(--text-main);
    transition: color var(--transition);
}

.brand-logo:hover .brand-name {
    color: var(--accent);
}

/* Main Navigation Menu */
.nav-menu {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: clamp(0.5rem, 0.9vw, 1rem);
    list-style: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

.nav-menu > li {
    position: relative;
    list-style: none;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
}

.nav-link {
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.82rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.035em;
    color: var(--text-main);
    padding: 0.5rem 0.15rem;
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 4px;
    text-decoration: none;
    border-bottom: 2px solid transparent;
}

.nav-link:hover,
.nav-link.active {
    color: var(--accent);
    border-bottom-color: var(--accent);
    text-decoration: none;
}

/* Dropdown Menus */
.nav-dropdown {
    position: relative;
}

.nav-dropdown-menu {
    position: absolute;
    top: 100%;
    left: 0;
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 0;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
    min-width: 240px;
    padding: 0.5rem 0;
    list-style: none;
    display: none;
    z-index: 1100;
}

.nav-dropdown:hover .nav-dropdown-menu,
.nav-dropdown-menu:hover {
    display: block;
}

.nav-dropdown-item {
    display: block;
    padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.84rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--text-main);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.nav-dropdown-item:hover {
    background-color: var(--primary-50);
    color: var(--accent);
    text-decoration: none;
}

/* Nav Actions */
.nav-actions {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
}

.btn-icon {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    width: 34px;
    height: 34px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    color: var(--text-muted);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    background: transparent;
    text-decoration: none;
    cursor: pointer;
}

.btn-icon:hover {
    color: var(--accent);
    border-color: var(--accent);
}

/* ==============================================================================
   SECONDARY SUB-NAV RIBBON (Single-Line Scrollable with Dropdowns)
   ============================================================================== */
.subnav-bar {
    background: var(--paper-muted);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    padding: 0.4rem 0;
    position: relative;
    z-index: 990;
}

.subnav-inner {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    gap: 0.75rem;
    flex-wrap: nowrap;
    position: relative;
}

.subnav-title {
    flex-shrink: 0;
}

.subnav-brand {
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 1.02rem;
    color: var(--text-main);
    text-decoration: none;
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 6px;
    white-space: nowrap;
}

/* Scrollable Container with Right-Side Scroll Buttons */
.subnav-scroll-container {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    position: relative;
    min-width: 0;
    flex: 1;
}

.subnav-scroll-area {
    overflow-x: auto;
    flex: 1;
    scroll-behavior: smooth;
    scrollbar-width: none;
    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
}

.subnav-scroll-area::-webkit-scrollbar {
    display: none;
}

/* Right-aligned Subnav Actions (Scroll Buttons + CTA) */
.subnav-actions {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
    flex-shrink: 0;
    margin-left: 0.5rem;
}

.subnav-controls {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 4px;
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-full);
    padding: 2px;
}

.subnav-scroll-btn {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    width: 26px;
    height: 26px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-full);
    background: transparent;
    border: none;
    color: var(--text-muted);
    cursor: pointer;
    flex-shrink: 0;
    transition: var(--transition);
    padding: 0;
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    line-height: 1;
}

.subnav-scroll-btn:hover:not(:disabled) {
    background: var(--accent);
    color: #FFFFFF;
}

.subnav-scroll-btn:disabled,
.subnav-scroll-btn.disabled {
    opacity: 0.35;
    cursor: not-allowed;
    pointer-events: none;
}

.ideas-scroll-btn:hover:not(:disabled) {
    background: var(--ideas-accent) !important;
    color: #FFFFFF !important;
    border-color: var(--ideas-accent) !important;
}

.ideas-subcat-scroll-area a:hover {
    background: var(--ideas-100) !important;
    border-color: var(--ideas-accent) !important;
}

.subnav-links {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.35rem;
    list-style: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    flex-wrap: nowrap;
    white-space: nowrap;
}

.subnav-links li {
    list-style: none;
    position: relative;
}

.subnav-links a,
.subnav-dropdown-toggle {
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.84rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--text-main);
    padding: 0.35rem 0.65rem;
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: var(--transition);
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 4px;
    white-space: nowrap;
    cursor: pointer;
    background: transparent;
    border: none;
}

.subnav-links a:hover,
.subnav-dropdown-toggle:hover {
    color: var(--accent);
    background-color: var(--primary-50);
}

.subnav-links a.active,
.subnav-links a[aria-current="page"] {
    color: var(--accent);
    background-color: var(--primary-50);
    border-bottom: 2px solid var(--accent);
    font-weight: 700;
}

.subnav-links a:focus-visible,
.subnav-dropdown-toggle:focus-visible,
.subnav-brand:focus-visible {
    outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
    outline-offset: 2px;
    background-color: var(--primary-50);
}

/* Subnav Dropdowns */
.subnav-dropdown {
    position: relative;
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
}

.subnav-dropdown-menu {
    position: absolute;
    top: calc(100% + 4px);
    left: 0;
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    padding: 0.4rem 0;
    min-width: 210px;
    z-index: 1100;
    display: none;
    list-style: none;
    margin: 0;
}

.subnav-dropdown:hover .subnav-dropdown-menu,
.subnav-dropdown:focus-within .subnav-dropdown-menu {
    display: block;
}

.subnav-dropdown-item {
    display: flex !important;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 6px;
    padding: 0.45rem 1rem !important;
    font-family: var(--font-sans) !important;
    font-size: 0.82rem !important;
    font-weight: 500 !important;
    color: var(--text-main) !important;
    text-decoration: none !important;
    transition: var(--transition) !important;
    white-space: nowrap !important;
    border-radius: 0 !important;
    border-bottom: none !important;
    background: transparent !important;
}

.subnav-dropdown-item:hover {
    background-color: var(--primary-50) !important;
    color: var(--accent) !important;
}

.subnav-dropdown-item.active {
    color: var(--accent) !important;
    font-weight: 700 !important;
    background-color: var(--primary-50) !important;
}

.subnav-cta {
    flex-shrink: 0;
    white-space: nowrap;
}

/* ==============================================================================
   BUTTONS
   ============================================================================== */
.btn {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    line-height: 1.4;
    padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    border: 1px solid transparent;
    cursor: pointer;
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: var(--transition);
    gap: 0.35rem;
}

.btn-brick,
.btn-primary {
    background-color: var(--accent);
    color: #FFFFFF;
    border-color: var(--accent);
}

.btn-brick:hover,
.btn-primary:hover {
    background-color: var(--accent-ink);
    border-color: var(--accent-ink);
    color: #FFFFFF;
}

.btn-secondary {
    background-color: var(--ink);
    color: var(--paper);
    border-color: var(--ink);
}

.btn-secondary:hover {
    background-color: var(--accent-ink);
    border-color: var(--accent-ink);
    color: #FFFFFF;
}

.btn-outline-brick,
.btn-outline-teal {
    background-color: transparent;
    color: var(--accent);
    border-color: var(--accent);
}

.btn-outline-brick:hover,
.btn-outline-teal:hover {
    background-color: var(--accent);
    color: #FFFFFF;
}

.btn-outline,
.btn-outline-secondary {
    background-color: transparent;
    color: var(--text-muted);
    border-color: var(--rule);
}

.btn-outline:hover,
.btn-outline-secondary:hover {
    background-color: var(--ink);
    border-color: var(--ink);
    color: var(--paper);
}

.btn-sm {
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    padding: 0.35rem 0.75rem;
}

.btn-lg {
    font-size: 1rem;
    padding: 0.75rem 1.5rem;
}

/* ==============================================================================
   CARDS
   ============================================================================== */
.card {
    background-color: var(--bg-card);
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    transition: var(--transition);
    padding: 1.5rem;
    box-shadow: none;
}

.card:hover {
    border-color: var(--muted);
}

.card-meta,
.card-footer,
.card-author {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.65rem;
}

.card-meta,
.card-footer {
    justify-content: space-between;
    color: var(--text-subtle);
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.82rem;
}

.card-title {
    font-size: 1.15rem;
    margin: 0.9rem 0 0.6rem;
}

.card-title a {
    color: var(--text-main);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.card-title a:hover {
    color: var(--accent);
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.card-excerpt {
    color: var(--text-muted);
    font-size: 0.95rem;
    line-height: 1.62;
}

.card-footer {
    border-top: 1px solid var(--border-subtle);
    margin-top: 1.25rem;
    padding-top: 0.9rem;
}

/* ==============================================================================
   HERO SECTION — SCHOLARLY RESTRAINT
   ============================================================================== */
.hero-section {
    background: var(--bg-page);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    padding: 3.5rem 0 3rem;
}

.hero-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.15fr) minmax(300px, 0.85fr);
    gap: 2.5rem;
    align-items: center;
}

.hero-badge {
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.hero-title {
    max-width: 780px;
    font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3.2rem);
    line-height: 1.1;
    font-weight: 800;
    margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
}

.hero-title span {
    color: var(--accent);
}

.hero-lead {
    max-width: 640px;
    color: var(--text-muted);
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    line-height: 1.65;
}

.hero-cta {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 0.75rem;
    margin-top: 1.75rem;
}

/* ==============================================================================
   STATS STRIP — QUIET MUTED NUMERALS
   ============================================================================== */
.stats-strip {
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

.stats-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));
}

.stat-item {
    padding: 1rem;
    border-right: 1px solid var(--rule);
    text-align: center;
}

.stat-item:last-child {
    border-right: 0;
}

.stat-num {
    color: var(--text-muted);
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    font-size: 1.35rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    line-height: 1;
}

.stat-label {
    color: var(--text-subtle);
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.72rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    letter-spacing: 0.08em;
    margin-top: 0.3rem;
    text-transform: uppercase;
}

/* ==============================================================================
   SECTIONS & CONTENT GRIDS
   ============================================================================== */
.section {
    padding: 3.5rem 0;
}

.section-header {
    display: flex;
    align-items: end;
    justify-content: space-between;
    gap: 1.5rem;
    margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    padding-bottom: 0.75rem;
}

.section-subtitle {
    color: var(--accent);
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.75rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    letter-spacing: 0.1em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
}

.section-title {
    font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 2.5vw, 2rem);
    margin-top: 0.25rem;
}

.cards-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
    gap: 1.25rem;
}

/* ==============================================================================
   JOURNAL BANNER
   ============================================================================== */
.journal-banner {
    background:
        linear-gradient(rgba(17, 17, 17, 0.88), rgba(17, 17, 17, 0.88)),
        url('../images/imprint_hero.png') center / cover;
    border-left: 4px solid var(--accent);
    padding: 3.5rem;
    color: #FFFFFF;
}

.journal-banner p {
    color: #E8E5DF;
}

/* ==============================================================================
   FLASH ALERTS
   ============================================================================== */
.flash-alert {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.75rem;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-left: 4px solid var(--accent);
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    padding: 0.85rem 1rem;
}

.flash-success {
    border-left-color: var(--oa-green);
}

.flash-error {
    border-left-color: var(--danger);
}

/* ==============================================================================
   BADGES
   ============================================================================== */
.badge {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.72rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    padding: 0.2rem 0.5rem;
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    line-height: 1.2;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.06em;
    border: 1px solid var(--rule);
}

.badge-primary {
    background-color: var(--accent);
    border-color: var(--accent);
    color: #FFFFFF;
}

.badge-secondary {
    background-color: var(--ink);
    border-color: var(--ink);
    color: var(--paper);
}

/* Utility helpers */
.bg-brick,
.bg-primary {
    background-color: var(--accent);
    color: #FFFFFF;
}

.bg-brick-subtle,
.bg-teal-subtle {
    background-color: var(--primary-50);
    color: var(--accent);
}

.text-brick,
.text-teal,
.text-primary {
    color: var(--accent);
}

/* ==============================================================================
   FOOTER — ALWAYS DARK
   ============================================================================== */
.site-footer {
    background-color: #111111;
    color: #9CA3AF;
    font-size: 0.88rem;
    border-top: 3px solid var(--accent);
    padding-top: 3.5rem;
    padding-bottom: 2rem;
    margin-top: auto;
    font-family: var(--font-body);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .site-footer {
    background-color: #0C0B08;
}

.footer-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 2fr 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr;
    gap: 2.5rem;
    margin-bottom: 3rem;
}

.footer-brand {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
}

.footer-logo {
    display: inline-block;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.footer-logo img {
    height: 38px;
    width: auto;
    filter: brightness(0) invert(1);
}

.footer-desc {
    font-size: 0.85rem;
    line-height: 1.65;
    color: #9CA3AF;
    margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
}

.footer-meta-pill {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
    font-size: 0.78rem;
    color: #D1D5DB;
    background: #1F242B;
    padding: 4px 10px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
    border: 1px solid #2B323C;
}

.footer-social {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
}

.footer-social a {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    width: 32px;
    height: 32px;
    background-color: #1F242B;
    color: #D1D5DB;
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    font-size: 0.95rem;
    text-decoration: none;
    border: 1px solid #2B323C;
    transition: var(--transition);
}

.footer-social a:hover {
    background-color: var(--accent);
    color: #FFFFFF;
    border-color: var(--accent);
}

.footer-col {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
}

.footer-heading {
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.82rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.06em;
    color: #FFFFFF;
    margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
    padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #283038;
}

.footer-links {
    list-style: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 0.6rem;
}

.footer-links li {
    list-style: none;
}

.footer-links a {
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.85rem;
    color: #9CA3AF;
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: var(--transition);
    display: inline-block;
}

.footer-links a:hover {
    color: #FFFFFF;
    padding-left: 3px;
}

.footer-bottom {
    border-top: 1px solid #283038;
    padding-top: 1.75rem;
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    gap: 1rem;
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    color: #6B7280;
}

.footer-bottom p {
    margin: 0;
    color: #9CA3AF;
}

/* ==============================================================================
   RESPONSIVE — 1180px
   ============================================================================== */
@media (max-width: 1180px) {
    .nav-menu {
        gap: 0.75rem;
    }

    .nav-link {
        font-size: 0.76rem;
    }

    .nav-actions {
        gap: 8px;
    }
}

/* ==============================================================================
   RESPONSIVE — 1024px (footer)
   ============================================================================== */
@media (max-width: 1024px) {
    .footer-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
        gap: 2rem;
    }
}

/* ==============================================================================
   RESPONSIVE — 980px & TABLETS (SPRINGER NATURE STANDARD)
   ============================================================================== */
@media (max-width: 980px) {
    .section-header {
        align-items: flex-start;
        flex-direction: column;
    }

    .hero-grid,
    .cards-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }

    .hero-title {
        font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 2.8rem);
    }

    .section-title {
        font-size: clamp(1.4rem, 2.5vw, 1.8rem);
    }

    .stats-grid {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
    }

    .stat-item:nth-child(2) {
        border-right: 0;
    }
}

/* ==============================================================================
   RESPONSIVE — 640px & MOBILE (SPRINGER NATURE STANDARD)
   ============================================================================== */
@media (max-width: 640px) {
    .container {
        padding-left: 1rem;
        padding-right: 1rem;
    }

    .brand-img {
        height: 32px;
        max-width: 180px;
    }

    .brand-name {
        font-size: 1.25rem;
    }

    .hero-section {
        padding: 2.5rem 0 2rem;
    }

    .hero-lead {
        font-size: 1rem;
    }

    .stats-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }

    .stat-item {
        border-right: 0;
        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
    }

    .stat-item:last-child {
        border-bottom: 0;
    }

    .journal-banner {
        padding: 2rem 1.25rem;
    }

    .footer-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 2rem;
    }
}

/* ==============================================================================
   EBOOK & EDITORIAL ESSAY READER STYLES
   ============================================================================== */
/* 1. Curated Reader Themes */
.ideas-article-reader[data-reader-theme="sepia"] {
    --bg-page: #F6F0E2 !important;
    --bg-surface: #FCF8EE !important;
    --bg-subtle: #EDE4CF !important;
    --bg-elevated: #FAF6EB !important;
    --text-main: #2C2218 !important;
    --text-muted: #6B5B4F !important;
    --text-subtle: #8A7B6E !important;
    --border-color: #DFD4BD !important;
    --border-subtle: #E8E0CB !important;
    --rule: #DFD4BD !important;
}

.ideas-article-reader[data-reader-theme="paper"] {
    --bg-page: #FAFAF8 !important;
    --bg-surface: #FFFFFF !important;
    --bg-subtle: #F2F1ED !important;
    --bg-elevated: #FFFFFF !important;
    --text-main: #181818 !important;
    --text-muted: #585858 !important;
    --text-subtle: #7A7A7A !important;
    --border-color: #E2E1DC !important;
    --border-subtle: #ECEBE6 !important;
    --rule: #E2E1DC !important;
}

.ideas-article-reader[data-reader-theme="slate"] {
    --bg-page: #1A2129 !important;
    --bg-surface: #222B35 !important;
    --bg-subtle: #293440 !important;
    --bg-elevated: #283340 !important;
    --text-main: #E2E8F0 !important;
    --text-muted: #94A3B8 !important;
    --text-subtle: #64748B !important;
    --border-color: #334155 !important;
    --border-subtle: #2D3A4A !important;
    --rule: #334155 !important;
}

.ideas-article-reader[data-reader-theme="dark"] {
    --bg-page: #0D0F12 !important;
    --bg-surface: #14171C !important;
    --bg-subtle: #1B1F26 !important;
    --bg-elevated: #1E232B !important;
    --text-main: #ECEAE5 !important;
    --text-muted: #9C9A93 !important;
    --text-subtle: #6E6C66 !important;
    --border-color: #272B33 !important;
    --border-subtle: #1E222A !important;
    --rule: #272B33 !important;
}

/* 2. Reader Font Stacks & Sizes */
.reader-font-serif {
    font-family: 'Source Serif 4', 'Noto Serif', 'Charter', Georgia, serif !important;
}

.reader-font-sans {
    font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif !important;
}

/* 3. Audio Narration Paragraph Highlight */
.speaking-para-highlight {
    background: rgba(122, 46, 39, 0.12) !important;
    border-left: 3px solid var(--ideas-accent) !important;
    padding-left: 14px !important;
    border-radius: 0 4px 4px 0 !important;
    transition: all 0.3s ease-out !important;
}

.ideas-article-reader[data-reader-theme="slate"] .speaking-para-highlight,
.ideas-article-reader[data-reader-theme="dark"] .speaking-para-highlight {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08) !important;
    border-left-color: #E2E8F0 !important;
}

/* 4. Reading Mode Adjustments (Header and footer are preserved for platform consistency) */
body.zen-book-mode .ideas-hero-cover {
    opacity: 0.9;
}

body.zen-book-mode .ideas-article-reader {
    padding-top: 1rem;
}

/* 5. Inline Footnote Balloon */
.footnote-balloon {
    position: absolute;
    bottom: calc(100% + 8px);
    left: 50%;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    color: var(--text-main);
    border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
    padding: 0.75rem 1rem;
    font-size: 0.82rem;
    line-height: 1.5;
    z-index: 3000;
    max-width: 320px;
    width: max-content;
    white-space: normal;
    pointer-events: auto;
    animation: fadeIn 0.15s ease-out;
}

.footnote-balloon::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    top: 100%;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
    border-width: 6px;
    border-style: solid;
    border-color: var(--border-color) transparent transparent transparent;
}

/* 6. 3D FLIPBOOK STAGE & SPREAD */
.flipbook-stage-wrapper {
    position: relative;
    width: 100%;
    min-height: calc(100vh - 120px);
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    padding: 1.5rem 1rem 5rem;
    perspective: 2500px;
    overflow-x: hidden;
}

.flipbook-spread {
    position: relative;
    display: flex;
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 1060px;
    min-height: 640px;
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border-radius: 6px;
    box-shadow: 0 16px 48px rgba(0,0,0,0.12), 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);
    border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 1);
}

/* Center Binding Spine Gutter */
.flipbook-spread::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    bottom: 0;
    left: 50%;
    width: 32px;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
    background: linear-gradient(to right, 
        rgba(0,0,0,0.08) 0%, 
        rgba(0,0,0,0.02) 40%, 
        rgba(0,0,0,0) 50%, 
        rgba(0,0,0,0.02) 60%, 
        rgba(0,0,0,0.08) 100%);
    pointer-events: none;
    z-index: 10;
}

.flipbook-page-sheet {
    flex: 1;
    width: 50%;
    padding: 2.75rem 2.5rem 3.5rem;
    position: relative;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: space-between;
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    box-sizing: border-box;
    overflow-y: auto;
    scrollbar-width: none;
}

.flipbook-page-sheet::-webkit-scrollbar {
    display: none;
}

.flipbook-page-left {
    border-right: 1px solid var(--border-subtle);
    border-radius: 6px 0 0 6px;
    box-shadow: inset -10px 0 16px -8px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
}

.flipbook-page-right {
    border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;
    box-shadow: inset 10px 0 16px -8px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
}

/* Page Running Header & Footer */
.flipbook-running-header {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: 0.65rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.12em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--text-muted);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-subtle);
    padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
    margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}

.flipbook-running-footer {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: 0.68rem;
    color: var(--text-muted);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--border-subtle);
    padding-top: 0.65rem;
    margin-top: 2rem;
}

/* Floating Flip Navigation Arrows */
.flipbook-nav-arrow {
    position: absolute;
    top: 50%;
    transform: translateY(-50%);
    width: 48px;
    height: 48px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    color: var(--text-main);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    font-size: 1.4rem;
    box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.12);
    cursor: pointer;
    z-index: 50;
    transition: all 0.2s ease;
}

.flipbook-nav-arrow:hover:not(:disabled) {
    background: var(--ideas-accent);
    color: #FFFFFF;
    border-color: var(--ideas-accent);
    transform: translateY(-50%) scale(1.08);
}

.flipbook-nav-arrow:disabled {
    opacity: 0.25;
    cursor: not-allowed;
}

.flipbook-arrow-left {
    left: max(8px, calc((100% - 1060px) / 2 - 64px));
}

.flipbook-arrow-right {
    right: max(8px, calc((100% - 1060px) / 2 - 64px));
}

/* Bottom Flipbook Controller Bar */
.flipbook-bottom-bar {
    position: fixed;
    bottom: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    height: 52px;
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    padding: 0 1.5rem;
    z-index: 1040;
    box-shadow: 0 -2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
}

/* Mobile Single-Page Spread */
@media (max-width: 900px) {
    .flipbook-spread {
        flex-direction: column;
        min-height: 540px;
    }
    .flipbook-spread::after {
        display: none;
    }
    .flipbook-page-sheet {
        width: 100%;
        padding: 2rem 1.25rem;
    }
    .flipbook-page-left {
        border-right: none;
        border-radius: 6px;
    }
    .flipbook-page-right {
        display: none;
    }
    .flipbook-arrow-left {
        left: 8px;
    }
    .flipbook-arrow-right {
        right: 8px;
    }
}

/* ==============================================================================
   COMPREHENSIVE RESPONSIVE & MOBILE APP-LIKE UI SYSTEM
   ============================================================================== */

/* 1. Global Viewport Anti-Overflow Guards */
html {
    height: 100%;
}

body {
    width: 100%;
    min-height: 100%;
    overflow-x: hidden;
}

body.nav-open {
    overflow: hidden !important;
    touch-action: none;
}

/* Prevent image/media/form spillover */
img, video, iframe, embed, object {
    max-width: 100%;
    height: auto;
}

pre, code {
    max-width: 100%;
    word-break: break-word;
    overflow-x: auto;
}

input, select, textarea, button {
    max-width: 100%;
}

.table-responsive {
    width: 100%;
    overflow-x: auto;
    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
    margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}

/* 2. Mobile Menu Toggle Button */
.mobile-menu-btn {
    display: none;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    width: 38px;
    height: 38px;
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    color: var(--text-main);
    font-size: 1.35rem;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: var(--transition);
    padding: 0;
    flex-shrink: 0;
}

.mobile-menu-btn:hover {
    border-color: var(--accent);
    color: var(--accent);
}

/* 3. App-Like Mobile Navigation Drawer */
.mobile-nav-drawer {
    display: none;
    position: fixed !important;
    inset: 0;
    top: 0 !important;
    left: 0 !important;
    right: 0 !important;
    bottom: 0 !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    height: 100% !important;
    height: 100dvh !important;
    z-index: 99999 !important;
    pointer-events: none;
    opacity: 0;
    transition: opacity 0.25s ease;
    -webkit-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);
    transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);
}

.mobile-nav-drawer.open {
    display: block !important;
    pointer-events: auto;
    opacity: 1;
}

.mobile-nav-backdrop {
    position: fixed !important;
    inset: 0;
    top: 0 !important;
    left: 0 !important;
    right: 0 !important;
    bottom: 0 !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    height: 100% !important;
    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.65);
    backdrop-filter: blur(4px);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(4px);
}

.mobile-nav-panel {
    position: fixed !important;
    top: 0 !important;
    right: 0 !important;
    bottom: 0 !important;
    height: 100% !important;
    height: 100dvh !important;
    width: 88%;
    max-width: 360px;
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border-left: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    box-shadow: -8px 0 32px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    transform: translateX(100%);
    -webkit-transform: translate3d(100%, 0, 0);
    transform: translate3d(100%, 0, 0);
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1);
    z-index: 100001;
    overflow-y: auto;
    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
}

.mobile-nav-drawer.open .mobile-nav-panel {
    -webkit-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0) !important;
    transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0) !important;
}

.mobile-nav-header {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    padding: 1rem 1.25rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-subtle);
    background: var(--bg-surface);
}

.mobile-nav-close {
    background: transparent;
    border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    color: var(--text-muted);
    width: 34px;
    height: 34px;
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    font-size: 1.2rem;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: var(--transition);
}

.mobile-nav-close:hover {
    background: var(--bg-subtle);
    color: var(--accent);
}

.mobile-nav-body {
    flex: 1;
    overflow-y: auto;
    padding: 1.25rem;
    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
    font-family: var(--font-body);
}

.mobile-nav-group {
    margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}

.mobile-nav-label {
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.72rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--accent);
    letter-spacing: 0.06em;
    margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
    padding-left: 4px;
}

.mobile-nav-list {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 4px;
}

.mobile-nav-link {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
    padding: 9px 12px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.9rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--text-main);
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: background 0.15s, color 0.15s;
}

.mobile-nav-link i {
    font-size: 1.15rem;
    color: var(--accent);
    width: 20px;
    text-align: center;
}

.mobile-nav-link:hover,
.mobile-nav-link.active {
    background: var(--bg-subtle);
    color: var(--accent);
}

.mobile-nav-sublink {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
    padding: 6px 12px 6px 36px;
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.84rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--text-muted);
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: color 0.15s;
}

.mobile-nav-sublink:hover,
.mobile-nav-sublink.active {
    color: var(--accent);
}

.mobile-nav-footer {
    padding: 1.15rem 1.25rem;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--border-subtle);
    background: var(--bg-subtle);
}

.mobile-nav-floating-cta {
    position: relative;
    padding: 0.75rem 1rem;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--border-subtle);
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    box-shadow: 0 -4px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
    flex-shrink: 0;
}

.mobile-nav-cta-popover {
    position: absolute;
    bottom: calc(100% + 8px);
    left: 10px;
    right: 10px;
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    box-shadow: 0 -10px 28px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
    z-index: 10005;
    animation: popoverSlideUp 0.25s cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1);
    max-height: 380px;
    overflow-y: auto;
    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
}

.mobile-nav-cta-popover-inner {
    padding: 10px;
}

.mobile-cta-option {
    transition: background 0.15s ease, transform 0.1s ease;
}

.mobile-cta-option:hover,
.mobile-cta-option:active {
    background: var(--bg-subtle) !important;
}

@keyframes popoverSlideUp {
    from {
        opacity: 0;
        transform: translateY(12px) scale(0.98);
    }
    to {
        opacity: 1;
        transform: translateY(0) scale(1);
    }
}

/* 4. Desktop vs Mobile Header Visibility Rules */
@media (max-width: 991px) {
    .nav-menu {
        display: none !important;
    }
    .mobile-menu-btn {
        display: inline-flex !important;
    }
    .top-bar-links a:not(:last-child):not(:first-child) {
        display: none;
    }
    .top-bar-announcement {
        font-size: 0.75rem;
    }

    /* Auto-collapse all 2-column sidebar & split layouts across platform */
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 320px"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 340px"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 1fr 320px"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 1fr 300px"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 1.25fr 0.85fr"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 1.25fr 0.95fr"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 1.15fr 1fr"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 1.2fr 1fr"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 1.8fr 1.2fr"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 1.5fr 1fr"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 320px 1fr"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 140px 1fr"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 130px 1fr"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: auto 1fr"],
    .article-layout-grid,
    .garfield-home-grid,
    .pore-hero-grid,
    .pore-reader-grid,
    .pore-cite-grid,
    .pore-submit-grid,
    .pore-pitfalls-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
        gap: 2rem !important;
    }

    /* Subnav bar adjustments on mobile/tablets */
    .subnav-inner {
        flex-direction: row !important;
        align-items: center !important;
        gap: 0.5rem !important;
    }
    .subnav-title {
        flex-shrink: 0;
    }
    .subnav-controls {
        display: none !important;
    }
    .subnav-actions .btn {
        padding: 0.35rem 0.65rem !important;
        font-size: 0.75rem !important;
        white-space: nowrap;
    }
}

/* ==============================================================================
   SPRINGER NATURE LINK MOBILE UTILITY STRIP & HERO SYSTEM
   ============================================================================== */
.springer-mobile-utility-strip {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
}

.springer-utility-col {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 8px;
    padding: 11px 4px;
    color: var(--text-main);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.88rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    background: transparent;
    border: none;
    border-right: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: background 0.15s, color 0.15s;
}

.springer-utility-col:last-child {
    border-right: none;
}

.springer-utility-col i {
    font-size: 1.15rem;
    color: var(--text-muted);
}

.springer-utility-col:hover,
.springer-utility-col:active {
    background: var(--bg-subtle);
    color: var(--accent);
}

.springer-utility-col:hover i,
.springer-utility-col:active i {
    color: var(--accent);
}

/* Unified Journal Master Hero Theme (Terracotta Rust Gradient) */
.journal-hero,
.springer-journal-hero,
.article-hero-section {
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #782216 0%, #8C2A1B 50%, #661A0F 100%) !important;
    color: #FFFFFF !important;
    border-bottom: 3px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important;
    position: relative;
}

/* Springer Journal Hero Layout (Scholarly Clear Presentation) */
.springer-journal-hero-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 200px minmax(0, 1fr);
    gap: 3.25rem;
    align-items: start;
}

.springer-cover-container {
    width: 200px;
    flex-shrink: 0;
}

.journal-card-excerpt {
    max-width: 85ch;
    line-height: 1.7;
    color: var(--text-muted);
}

.btn-springer-submit {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 12px;
    background: #FFFFFF;
    color: #111111;
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-weight: 800;
    font-size: 1.05rem;
    padding: 0.95rem 2.4rem;
    border-radius: 9999px;
    text-decoration: none;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 18px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28);
    transition: transform 0.15s ease, box-shadow 0.15s ease, background 0.15s ease;
    border: none;
}

.btn-springer-submit:hover {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: 0 8px 26px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.38);
    color: #000000;
    text-decoration: none;
    background: #FFFFFF;
}

.btn-springer-secondary {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
    color: #FFFFFF;
    font-weight: 600;
    font-size: 0.98rem;
    text-decoration: none;
    padding: 0.85rem 1.4rem;
    border-radius: 9999px;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.12);
    border: 1.5px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.35);
    transition: all 0.15s ease;
}

.btn-springer-secondary:hover {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.22);
    border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.6);
    color: #FFFFFF;
    text-decoration: none;
    transform: translateY(-1px);
}

.springer-hero-actions {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 1.25rem;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .springer-journal-hero-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
        gap: 1.5rem !important;
    }
    .springer-cover-container {
        width: 140px;
        margin: 0 0 0.5rem 0;
    }
    .btn-springer-submit {
        width: 100% !important;
        padding: 0.9rem 1.5rem !important;
        font-size: 1rem !important;
        text-align: center;
    }
    .springer-hero-actions {
        width: 100%;
        align-items: stretch;
    }
    .subnav-bar {
        padding: 0.3rem 0;
    }
    .subnav-inner {
        flex-direction: row !important;
        align-items: center !important;
        gap: 0.5rem !important;
    }
    .subnav-title {
        display: none !important;
    }
    .subnav-controls,
    .subnav-actions,
    .subnav-cta {
        display: none !important;
    }
    .subnav-scroll-container {
        width: 100% !important;
    }
    .subnav-links {
        flex-direction: row !important;
        flex-wrap: nowrap !important;
        white-space: nowrap !important;
        gap: 6px !important;
        width: 100% !important;
    }
    .subnav-links a,
    .subnav-dropdown-toggle {
        padding: 6px 12px !important;
        font-size: 0.82rem !important;
        background: var(--bg-surface) !important;
        border: 1px solid var(--border-color) !important;
        border-radius: var(--radius-sm) !important;
    }
}

/* ==============================================================================
   FIXED APP BOTTOM NAVIGATION DOCK (MOBILE ONLY)
   ============================================================================== */
.mobile-app-bottom-bar {
    position: fixed !important;
    bottom: 0 !important;
    left: 0 !important;
    right: 0 !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    height: 58px;
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(6, 1fr);
    align-items: center;
    z-index: 9990;
    box-shadow: 0 -4px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.09);
    backdrop-filter: blur(12px);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(12px);
    -webkit-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);
    transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);
    -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden;
    backface-visibility: hidden;
}

.mobile-bottom-tab {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 3px;
    height: 100%;
    color: var(--text-muted);
    text-decoration: none;
    background: transparent;
    border: none;
    cursor: pointer;
    padding: 6px 2px;
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.68rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    transition: color 0.15s, transform 0.1s;
}

.mobile-bottom-tab i {
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    line-height: 1;
}

.mobile-bottom-tab:hover,
.mobile-bottom-tab.active {
    color: var(--accent);
}

.mobile-bottom-tab:active {
    transform: scale(0.92);
}

/* Dynamic Brand Section Badges in Header */
.brand-section-pill {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    font-family: var(--font-heading);
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    font-weight: 800;
    color: var(--accent);
    letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

.brand-section-pill.brand-pill-apoorvam,
.brand-section-pill.brand-pill-anupurvi {
    font-family: 'Noto Serif Bengali', serif !important;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: #B45309;
}

/* Ideas Hero Grid Responsive Rules */
.ideas-hero-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr auto;
    gap: 2.5rem;
    align-items: end;
}

.ideas-hero-search-wrapper {
    min-width: 280px;
    max-width: 380px;
    width: 100%;
}

@media (max-width: 991px) {
    body {
        padding-bottom: 72px;
    }
    .brand-name {
        display: inline-block !important;
        font-family: var(--font-heading);
        font-weight: 800;
        font-size: 1.25rem;
        color: var(--text-main);
        letter-spacing: -0.01em;
    }
    .ideas-hero-grid,
    .video-hero-grid,
    .spotlight-video-grid,
    .video-detail-grid,
    .storefront-hero-grid,
    .courses-hero-grid,
    .book-detail-grid,
    .pore-hero-grid,
    .pore-reader-grid,
    .pore-submit-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
        gap: 2rem !important;
    }
    .ideas-hero-grid > *,
    .video-hero-grid > *,
    .spotlight-video-grid > *,
    .video-detail-grid > *,
    .storefront-hero-grid > *,
    .courses-hero-grid > *,
    .book-detail-grid > *,
    .pore-hero-grid > *,
    .pore-reader-grid > *,
    .pore-submit-grid > * {
        min-width: 0 !important;
        max-width: 100% !important;
    }
    .ideas-hero-search-wrapper {
        min-width: 0 !important;
        max-width: 100% !important;
    }
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .site-footer {
        /* The mobile dock is fixed, so leave it clear of the footer's legal links. */
        padding: 3rem 0 calc(2rem + 58px + env(safe-area-inset-bottom, 0px)) !important;
        margin-bottom: 0 !important;
    }
    .site-footer .container {
        padding-bottom: 1.5rem;
    }
    .top-bar {
        padding: 0.25rem 0;
    }
    .top-bar-inner {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 4px;
        align-items: flex-start;
    }
    .top-bar-links {
        display: none;
    }
    .hero-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
        gap: 2rem !important;
    }
    .cards-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
    }
    .stats-grid {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr) !important;
    }
    .section {
        padding: 2.5rem 0 !important;
    }
    .container {
        padding-left: 1rem !important;
        padding-right: 1rem !important;
    }
    .ideas-masthead {
        padding: 2.25rem 0 1.75rem !important;
    }
}

@media (max-width: 640px) {
    /* Form 2-column input rows collapse to single column on mobile */
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 1.4fr 1fr"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 2fr 1.5fr auto"],
    div[style*="grid-template-columns: 2fr 1.2fr 1fr 1fr auto"] {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
        gap: 0.75rem !important;
    }
}

@media (max-width: 480px) {
    html {
        font-size: 15px;
    }
    .stats-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
    }
    .brand-name {
        display: inline-block !important;
        font-size: 1.15rem !important;
    }
}

/* ==============================================================================
   ACADEMIC VIDEO THEATER & YOUTUBE ARCHIVE
   ============================================================================== */
.cinema-theater-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1.35fr 1fr;
    gap: 2rem;
    align-items: stretch;
}

.video-spotlight-card:hover .spotlight-play-btn {
    transform: scale(1.1);
    box-shadow: 0 0 30px rgba(229,62,62,1);
}

.video-playlist-item:hover {
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.08) !important;
    border-color: rgba(229,62,62,0.5) !important;
    transform: translateY(-2px);
}

.video-playlist-item:active {
    transform: scale(0.98);
}

.btn-spotlight-play:hover {
    background: #E53E3E !important;
    border-color: #E53E3E !important;
    color: #FFFFFF !important;
}

@media (max-width: 960px) {
    .video-theater-section {
        padding: 3rem 0 !important;
    }
    .cinema-theater-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
        gap: 1.5rem !important;
    }
}

@media (max-width: 640px) {
    .video-theater-section {
        padding: 2.25rem 0 !important;
    }
    .video-theater-header {
        flex-direction: column !important;
        align-items: flex-start !important;
        gap: 1rem !important;
        margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
        padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
    }
    .video-channel-badge {
        font-size: 0.65rem !important;
        padding: 3px 8px !important;
    }
    .video-header-actions {
        width: 100% !important;
        display: grid !important;
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr !important;
        gap: 8px !important;
    }
    .btn-yt-subscribe, .btn-yt-all {
        width: 100% !important;
        text-align: center !important;
        padding: 8px 10px !important;
        font-size: 0.72rem !important;
    }
    .spotlight-body {
        padding: 1.15rem !important;
    }
    .spotlight-title {
        font-size: 1.12rem !important;
    }
    .spotlight-desc {
        font-size: 0.82rem !important;
        display: -webkit-box;
        -webkit-line-clamp: 2;
        -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
        overflow: hidden;
        margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
    }
    .btn-spotlight-play {
        width: 100% !important;
        padding: 10px 14px !important;
    }
    .video-playlist-item {
        padding: 0.65rem !important;
        gap: 0.75rem !important;
    }
    .playlist-item-thumb {
        width: 110px !important;
        min-width: 110px !important;
    }
    .playlist-item-title {
        font-size: 0.84rem !important;
    }
    .home-video-close-btn {
        top: -2.4rem !important;
        right: 0 !important;
        width: 32px !important;
        height: 32px !important;
        font-size: 1.1rem !important;
    }
}

@media (max-width: 400px) {
    .video-header-actions {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
    }
    .playlist-item-thumb {
        width: 95px !important;
        min-width: 95px !important;
    }
    .playlist-item-title {
        font-size: 0.8rem !important;
    }
}

/* ==============================================================================
   PRINT STYLESHEET
   ============================================================================== */
@media print {
    .top-bar,
    .site-header,
    .subnav-bar,
    .site-footer,
    .hero-section,
    .stats-strip,
    .nav-actions,
    .flash-alert {
        display: none !important;
    }

    body {
        background: white;
        color: #1A1A1A;
        font-size: 11pt;
        line-height: 1.5;
    }

    .container {
        max-width: 100%;
        padding: 0;
    }

    .site-main {
        padding: 0;
    }

    a {
        color: #1A1A1A;
        text-decoration: none;
    }

    a[href]::after {
        content: ' (' attr(href) ')';
        font-size: 0.85em;
        color: #5C5C5C;
    }

    a[href^="#"]::after,
    a[href^="javascript"]::after {
        content: '';
    }
}

/* ==============================================================================
   APOORVAM (অপূর্বম) BENGALI MAGAZINE DESIGN SYSTEM & DEDICATED HEADER
   ============================================================================== */
.apoorvam-top-bar {
    background: #1C1917;
    color: #E7E5E4;
    font-family: 'Noto Sans Bengali', var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.82rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
}

.apoorvam-portal-switcher {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.apoorvam-portal-pill {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 5px;
    padding: 3px 10px;
    border-radius: 9999px;
    font-size: 0.78rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: all 0.15s ease;
}

.apoorvam-site-header {
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    position: -webkit-sticky !important;
    position: sticky !important;
    top: 0 !important;
    z-index: 1020 !important;
    -webkit-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);
    transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);
    transition: background 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease;
}

.apoorvam-navbar {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    padding: 0.75rem 0;
    gap: 1.5rem;
}

.apoorvam-brand {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
    text-decoration: none;
    min-width: 0;
}

.apoorvam-nav-menu {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 1.35rem;
    list-style: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    font-family: 'Noto Sans Bengali', var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 0.95rem;
    font-weight: 600;
}

.apoorvam-nav-link {
    color: var(--text-main);
    text-decoration: none;
    padding: 0.4rem 0.2rem;
    position: relative;
    transition: color 0.15s ease;
}

.apoorvam-nav-link:hover,
.apoorvam-nav-link.active {
    color: var(--accent);
}

.apoorvam-nav-link.active::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    bottom: -6px;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    height: 2px;
    background: var(--accent);
    border-radius: 2px;
}

.apoorvam-dropdown-menu {
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    box-shadow: 0 12px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.12);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .apoorvam-site-header {
    background: #161412;
    border-bottom-color: #2E2925;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .apoorvam-dropdown-menu {
    background: #1F1B18;
    border-color: #38312B;
}

.apoorvam-hero-section {
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, #ECE8E0 0%, #F5F2EB 100%);
    color: #1C1917;
    padding: 4.5rem 0 4rem;
    border-bottom: 2px solid #D6CCC2;
    position: relative;
    transition: background 0.3s ease, border-color 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease;
}

.apoorvam-hero-section h1,
.apoorvam-hero-section h2,
.apoorvam-hero-section p {
    color: inherit;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .apoorvam-hero-section {
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, #1C1815 0%, #12100E 100%);
    color: #FAF7F2;
    border-bottom-color: #38312B;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .apoorvam-hero-section p {
    color: #D6D3D1 !important;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .apoorvam-hero-section nav ol li a {
    color: #E7E5E4 !important;
}

.apoorvam-badge-subtle {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 6px;
    background: rgba(122, 46, 39, 0.1);
    border: 1px solid rgba(122, 46, 39, 0.3);
    border-radius: 4px;
    padding: 4px 12px;
    color: #7A2E27;
    font-family: 'Noto Sans Bengali', sans-serif;
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    font-weight: 700;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .apoorvam-badge-subtle {
    background: rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.15);
    border-color: rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.35);
    color: #FDA4AF;
}

.apoorvam-card {
    background: var(--bg-surface);
    border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    padding: 2rem;
    transition: all 0.2s ease;
}

.apoorvam-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .apoorvam-card:hover {
    box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);
}

@media (max-width: 991px) {
    .apoorvam-top-bar .apoorvam-portal-switcher {
        overflow-x: auto;
        white-space: nowrap;
        padding-bottom: 2px;
        -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
    }
}

/* ==============================================================================
   ADVERTISEMENT & SPONSORSHIP SYSTEM (Scholarly Restrained Styling)
   ============================================================================== */
.poorvam-ad-unit {
    display: block;
    width: 100%;
}

.poorvam-ad-banner {
    margin-top: 2.25rem;
    margin-bottom: 2.25rem;
}

.poorvam-ad-split-layout {
    display: flex;
    align-items: stretch;
    transition: background 0.15s ease;
}

.poorvam-ad-split-layout:hover {
    background: var(--bg-subtle, #FAF8F5);
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .poorvam-ad-split-layout {
        flex-direction: column !important;
    }
    .poorvam-ad-thumb-wrap {
        flex: 0 0 160px !important;
        max-width: 100% !important;
        width: 100% !important;
        min-height: 140px !important;
        max-height: 180px !important;
    }
}